Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau developed in the 1890's, but grew wider by the 1900's.  Art Nouveau is a style in art, design and architecture. The characteristics of this style include; sinuous lines, shapes based on plant forms.

Artists:

Alphonse Mucha

Hector Guimard

Gustav Klimt

Sources:

http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/a/art-nouveau
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/art-nouveau.htm
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/guimard_hector.html

http://www.alfonsmucha.org/

http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=2407

Modernism

Modernism began to grow popular in the 1850's, dominating the Western Culture. The idea of this style to reject past influences.The movement was constantly changing, movements include: Impressionism, Cubism, Bauhaus, Surrealism, Futurism, Pop Art and Op Art. 

Artisits: 

David Hockney

Karl Benjamin

Naomi Kremer

Sources:

http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/m/modernism

http://www.artrepublic.com/art_terms/38-modern-art.html

https://www.modernisminc.com/artists/

Typographic Maps - Lino Printing

Lino Printing
The method that is used to create these prints is relief printing. This is when the surface is removed so that when the board is printed, the highest surface prints rather than the areas that have been cut away. Relief printing is the oldest printing methods, this simplest materials that are used includes potato printing, rubber blocks, polystyrene and wood.


Linoprint Artist - Mark Andrew Webber

Transferring Designs First we designed our typographic maps, we chose a place that has high importance to us. To transfer the design onto the lino block, you need to use tracing paper to draw out the map again as drawing straight onto the lino block will cause the print to be back to front. After tracing the design, it needs to be flipped over so when you have traced the image onto the lino block,it will be reversed so it will print correctly.

Cutting Out & Health and Safety 
When choosing areas to be printed, everything that you don't want to be printed needs to be cut away using the cutting tools. The tools come in different sizes so that you are able to chose the shape and size of the gauges that will be made. 

Whilst cutting the lino, the board will need to be under a bench hook to avoid movement leading to accidents. When cutting into the lino board, cut away from you so if you slip, it will not cut you. If the lino board is too tough to cut, you can use a hair dryer to soften it so it will be easier to cut. When removing the lino, the depth of that gauges should be half way through the board.

Printing
Before printing, you need an apron to protect clothes, and gloves if you are worried about the ink having contact with your skin.There are different ways of printing the lino board, either hand printing or using the Albion Press to get a better quality print. For this, you can use either water based ink or oil based ink. The oil based ink is better, although more expensive, as the quality of the prints are better. Collecting and testing the ink on the inking surface will allow you to see if the consistency is right. If the ink is lumpy, then use Extender to make the ink have a better consistency. Using a roller you apply the ink onto the lino board as even as you can. The layer of ink that you apply should be thin, but not too thin so that you can see the board underneath.

If you choose to hand print the board, you add another piece of paper over the board and use either a dry roller, spoon or your hand to apply pressure onto the paper and board so that the image will print. Instead of this you can use the Albion Press to print the board.

To clean the board, a sponge or cloth is needed as well as soap and water to remove the ink. 

Urban Art / Street Art

Street/Urban Art is also known as Graffiti. It was named after spray can vandalism in cities across the world, but it is mainly associated with New York, it is traced back into the 1970's. It's purpose is self-expression and creativity through stylized text and images. Generally, the art is very bright and colorful as it makes it bolder. During the late 80's free hand street art developed into stencils, stickers and posters.

 It wasn't until the early 1980's until artists were recognized through graffiti. As vandalism is illegal, many artists keep their names hidden and use another name to mark their work.

Bansky

Bansky

Keith Haring

Sources: http://www.artrepublic.com/art_terms/34-graffiti.html

Dada

The movement Dada formed in 1914 in negative reaction to the First World War founded by Hugo Ball. Artists that followed the Dada movement aimed to destroy traditional values in art, and to replace the old art with the new (Dada is known as a major anti-art movement) . Dada has no specific characteristics as the purpose of this movement was to emotionally impact the viewer, usually to shock them.
The leading artists of this movement include Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia and Kurt Schwitters.

Marcel Duchamp - Fountain, 1917

Francis Picabia - Otaiti, 1930

Jean Arp - Torn Up Woodcut, 1954 (prints made in 1920)

Sources:
http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/d/dada

Surrealism

Surrealism is a movement in which artists and writers express the ideas formed in their subconscious imagination. Not only did this movement influence art, it also influenced fashion photography, advertising and film. To create a surreal piece, artists combine a selection of objects (usually two) hat you wouldn't associate with each other to make something playful, or even disturbing.

The movement began in 1924 in Paris, by French poet Andre Breton. Well known surrealist artists include Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte and Man Ray.

Rene Magritte - The Son of Man, 1946

Max Ernst - Celebes, 1921

Rene Magritte - The wonders of nature, 1953

Sources:
http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/s/surrealism

Focusing and Focal Length

Focusing

The use of focusing is to allow selected areas of an image to be clearer as it gives it much more detail. (Changing depth of field)

Definition of focus:
- To cause light rays to converge on or towards a central point.
- To focus.
- To render an object or image in clear outline or sharp detail by adjusting vision or on an optical device.

Light

Light travels in straight lines, and the rays diverge from each other. The lens refracts the light rays onto a certain point which becomes the focal point. 

Camera Settings

Auto Focus - Camera automatically focuses and 'locks' on a part of a scene which it (the camera) considers to be the important.

Manual Focus - The photographer physically controls the focus.

1)One Shot AF (Canon)
   Single - Servo AF (Nikon)

This setting is used when taking a photo of still life, or when there is close to no movement. Once the auto focus has achieved focus, the setting locks.

2) Al Servo

This setting tracks focus on a moving object. Whether the object is moving closer or further from the camera, it stays in sharp focus. 

Focal LengthFocal length is measured in mm, it is a measurement of the distance that the light rays converge to form the image. The focal length tells us the angle of view (how much of an area is in view). The longer the focal length, the lower the angle of view and the higher the magnification of elements (300 mm) . The shorter the focal length, the wider of view and the lower the magnification (18 mm). 

Lenses

- Normal / standard lenses are 50 mm which is the equivalent to the human eye.

Zoom Lens - Variable focal length

Prime Lens - Set focal length